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collar beam
A collar beam or collar〔Ensminger, Robert F.. ''The Pennsylvania barn: its origin, evolution, and distribution in North America''. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992. 324. Print.〕 is a horizontal member between two rafters and is very common in domestic roof construction. Often a collar is structural but they may be used simply to frame a ceiling. A collar beam is often called a collar tie but this is rarely correct. A tie in building construction is an element in tension rather than compression and most collar beams are designed to work in compression to keep the rafters from sagging.〔Maginnis, Owen B.. ''Roof framing made easy: a practical and easily comprehended system, adapted to modern construction, for laying out and framing roofs, adapted to modern construction'' .... New York: O.B. Maginnis, 1896. 7. Print.〕〔Nicholson, Peter. ''Practical carpentry, joinery, and cabinet-making; being a new and complete system of lines, for the use of workmen: founded on accurate geometrical and mechanical principles, with their application in carpentry, to roofs, domes, centring, &c.; in joinery'',. London: T. Kelly by J. Rider, 1826. 31. Print.〕 A collar near the bottom of the rafters may replace a tie beam and be designed to keep the rafters from spreading, thus are in tension: these are correctly called a collar tie.
==Etymology==
''Collar'' in general comes from Latin ''collare'' meaning neck. 〔Oxford English Dictionary Second Edition on CD-ROM (v. 4.0) Oxford University Press 2009〕
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